gene regulation and biological evolution
Gene regulation, rather than genetic mutation plays an important role in some rapid adaptive speciations.
Most of the 50 or so species of freshwater stickleback fish are descendents of marine stickleback that colonized lakes and streams at the end of the last ice age about 10,000 years ago. Researchers have discovered that rapid speciation displaying different levels of armor plating in sticklebacks results not from gene mutations, but rather from different regulation of a single gene, the Eda gene that codes for the protein ectodermal dysplasin. "Evolution of the fish is based on how the Eda gene is used; how, when and where it is activated during embryonic growth." HHMI News Researchers Trace Evolution to Relatively Simple Genetic Changes.
Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of Ectodysplasin alleles.
Major phenotypic changes evolve in parallel in nature by molecular mechanisms that are largely unknown. Here, we use positional cloning methods to identify the major chromosome locus controlling armor plate patterning in wild threespine sticklebacks. Mapping, sequencing, and transgenic studies show that the Ectodysplasin (EDA) signaling pathway plays a key role in evolutionary change in natural populations and that parallel evolution of stickleback low-plated phenotypes at most freshwater locations around the world has occurred by repeated selection of Eda alleles derived from an ancestral low-plated haplotype that first appeared more than two million years ago. Members of this clade of low-plated alleles are present at low frequencies in marine fish, which suggests that standing genetic variation can provide a molecular basis for rapid, parallel evolution of dramatic phenotypic change in nature.
Colosimo PF, Hosemann KE, Balabhadra S, Villarreal G Jr, Dickson M, Grimwood J, Schmutz J,
Myers RM, Schluter D, Kingsley DM. Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of Ectodysplasin alleles. Science. 2005 Mar 25;307(5717):1928-33.
Comment in: Science. 2005 Mar 25;307(5717):1890-1..
How many genetic changes control the evolution of new traits in natural populations? Are the same genetic changes seen in cases of parallel evolution? Despite long-standing interest in these questions, they have been difficult to address, particularly in vertebrates. We have analyzed the genetic basis of natural variation in three different aspects of the skeletal armor of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus): the pattern, number, and size of the bony lateral plates. A few chromosomal regions can account for variation in all three aspects of the lateral plates, with one major locus contributing to most of the variation in lateral plate pattern and number. Genetic mapping and allelic complementation experiments show that the same major locus is responsible for the parallel evolution of armor plate reduction in two widely separated populations. These results suggest that a small number of genetic changes can produce major skeletal alterations in natural populations and that the same major locus is used repeatedly when similar traits evolve in different locations.
The Genetic Architecture of Parallel Armor Plate Reduction in Threespine Sticklebacks. (Free Full Text Research Article) PLos Biology Volume 2 Issue 5 MAY 2004.
Evolution. The synthesis and evolution of a supermodel. [Science. 2005] PMID: 15790836
The genetic architecture of parallel armor plate reduction in threespine sticklebacks. [PLoS Biol. 2004] PMID: 15069472
Parallel genetic basis for repeated evolution of armor loss in Alaskan threespine stickleback populations. [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004] PMID: 15069186
The master sex-determination locus in threespine sticklebacks is on a nascent Y chromosome. [Curr Biol. 2004] PMID: 15324658
Lateral plate evolution in the threespine stickleback: getting nowhere fast. [Genetica. 2001] PMID: 11838781
See all Related Articles
More HHMI articles: Genetic Control of Vertebrate Skeletal Development. Also Evolution's Mirror in a Fish's Spines (04.14.04) and Fish May Show How Nature Diversifies(12.19.01) and more HHMI Genes We Share: Focusing on Skeletons and New Gene Knockouts Reveal "Master Planners" of the Skeleton(07.17.03)
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Evolutionary origin of the medaka Y chromosome. [Curr Biol. 2004] PMID: 15380069
Cloning of the dmrt1 gene of Xiphophorus maculatus: dmY/dmrt1Y is not the master sex-determining gene in the platyfish. [Gene. 2003] PMID: 14604792
Construction and initial analysis of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contigs from the sex-determining region of the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus. [Gene. 2002] PMID: 12354660
Genetic mapping of Y-chromosomal DNA markers in Pacific salmon. [Genetica. 2001] PMID: 11841186
Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in the medaka, Oryzias latipes, and the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus. [Cytogenet Genome Res. 2002] PMID: 12900561
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Natural selection and parallel speciation in sympatric sticklebacks. [Science. 2000] PMID: 10634785
Reproductive character displacement of male stickleback mate preference: reinforcement or direct selection? [Evolution Int J Org Evolution. 2004] PMID: 15212390
Parallel evolution of sexual isolation in sticklebacks. [Evolution Int J Org Evolution. 2005] PMID: 15807421
Testing alternative models for sexual isolation in natural populations of Littorina saxatilis: indirect support for by-product ecological speciation? [J Evol Biol. 2004] PMID: 15009262
Divergent selection and the evolution of signal traits and mating preferences. [PLoS Biol. 2005] PMID: 16231971
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Evolutionary biology: lost and found. [Nature. 2004] PMID: 15085113
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The master sex-determination locus in threespine sticklebacks is on a nascent Y chromosome. [Curr Biol. 2004] PMID: 15324658
The genetic architecture of parallel armor plate reduction in threespine sticklebacks. [PLoS Biol. 2004] PMID: 15069472
Fishing for the secrets of vertebrate evolution in threespine sticklebacks. [Dev Dyn. 2005] PMID: 16252286
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Fishing for the secrets of vertebrate evolution in threespine sticklebacks. [Dev Dyn. 2005] PMID: 16252286
Parallel genetic basis for repeated evolution of armor loss in Alaskan threespine stickleback populations. [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004] PMID: 15069186
Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of Ectodysplasin alleles. [Science. 2005] PMID: 15790847
Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks. [Nature. 2004] PMID: 15085123
The master sex-determination locus in threespine sticklebacks is on a nascent Y chromosome. [Curr Biol. 2004] PMID: 15324658
See all Related Articles... ..
The master sex-determination locus in threespine sticklebacks is on a nascent Y chromosome. [Curr Biol. 2004] PMID: 15324658
Fishing for the secrets of vertebrate evolution in threespine sticklebacks. [Dev Dyn. 2005] PMID: 16252286
How much of the variation in adaptive divergence can be explained by gene flow? An evaluation using lake-stream stickleback pairs. [Evolution Int J Org Evolution. 2004] PMID: 15562693
Adaptive divergence and the balance between selection and gene flow: lake and stream stickleback in the Misty system. [Evolution Int J Org Evolution. 2002] PMID: 12144020
Speciation in reverse: morphological and genetic evidence of the collapse of a three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) species pair. [Mol Ecol. 2006] PMID: 16448405
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Most of the 50 or so species of freshwater stickleback fish are descendents of marine stickleback that colonized lakes and streams at the end of the last ice age about 10,000 years ago. Researchers have discovered that rapid speciation displaying different levels of armor plating in sticklebacks results not from gene mutations, but rather from different regulation of a single gene, the Eda gene that codes for the protein ectodermal dysplasin. "Evolution of the fish is based on how the Eda gene is used; how, when and where it is activated during embryonic growth." HHMI News Researchers Trace Evolution to Relatively Simple Genetic Changes.
Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of Ectodysplasin alleles.
Major phenotypic changes evolve in parallel in nature by molecular mechanisms that are largely unknown. Here, we use positional cloning methods to identify the major chromosome locus controlling armor plate patterning in wild threespine sticklebacks. Mapping, sequencing, and transgenic studies show that the Ectodysplasin (EDA) signaling pathway plays a key role in evolutionary change in natural populations and that parallel evolution of stickleback low-plated phenotypes at most freshwater locations around the world has occurred by repeated selection of Eda alleles derived from an ancestral low-plated haplotype that first appeared more than two million years ago. Members of this clade of low-plated alleles are present at low frequencies in marine fish, which suggests that standing genetic variation can provide a molecular basis for rapid, parallel evolution of dramatic phenotypic change in nature.
Colosimo PF, Hosemann KE, Balabhadra S, Villarreal G Jr, Dickson M, Grimwood J, Schmutz J,
Myers RM, Schluter D, Kingsley DM. Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of Ectodysplasin alleles. Science. 2005 Mar 25;307(5717):1928-33.
Comment in: Science. 2005 Mar 25;307(5717):1890-1..
How many genetic changes control the evolution of new traits in natural populations? Are the same genetic changes seen in cases of parallel evolution? Despite long-standing interest in these questions, they have been difficult to address, particularly in vertebrates. We have analyzed the genetic basis of natural variation in three different aspects of the skeletal armor of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus): the pattern, number, and size of the bony lateral plates. A few chromosomal regions can account for variation in all three aspects of the lateral plates, with one major locus contributing to most of the variation in lateral plate pattern and number. Genetic mapping and allelic complementation experiments show that the same major locus is responsible for the parallel evolution of armor plate reduction in two widely separated populations. These results suggest that a small number of genetic changes can produce major skeletal alterations in natural populations and that the same major locus is used repeatedly when similar traits evolve in different locations.
The Genetic Architecture of Parallel Armor Plate Reduction in Threespine Sticklebacks. (Free Full Text Research Article) PLos Biology Volume 2 Issue 5 MAY 2004.
Evolution. The synthesis and evolution of a supermodel. [Science. 2005] PMID: 15790836
The genetic architecture of parallel armor plate reduction in threespine sticklebacks. [PLoS Biol. 2004] PMID: 15069472
Parallel genetic basis for repeated evolution of armor loss in Alaskan threespine stickleback populations. [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004] PMID: 15069186
The master sex-determination locus in threespine sticklebacks is on a nascent Y chromosome. [Curr Biol. 2004] PMID: 15324658
Lateral plate evolution in the threespine stickleback: getting nowhere fast. [Genetica. 2001] PMID: 11838781
See all Related Articles
More HHMI articles: Genetic Control of Vertebrate Skeletal Development. Also Evolution's Mirror in a Fish's Spines (04.14.04) and Fish May Show How Nature Diversifies(12.19.01) and more HHMI Genes We Share: Focusing on Skeletons and New Gene Knockouts Reveal "Master Planners" of the Skeleton(07.17.03)
More from PubMed
Evolutionary origin of the medaka Y chromosome. [Curr Biol. 2004] PMID: 15380069
Cloning of the dmrt1 gene of Xiphophorus maculatus: dmY/dmrt1Y is not the master sex-determining gene in the platyfish. [Gene. 2003] PMID: 14604792
Construction and initial analysis of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contigs from the sex-determining region of the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus. [Gene. 2002] PMID: 12354660
Genetic mapping of Y-chromosomal DNA markers in Pacific salmon. [Genetica. 2001] PMID: 11841186
Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in the medaka, Oryzias latipes, and the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus. [Cytogenet Genome Res. 2002] PMID: 12900561
See all Related Articles...
Natural selection and parallel speciation in sympatric sticklebacks. [Science. 2000] PMID: 10634785
Reproductive character displacement of male stickleback mate preference: reinforcement or direct selection? [Evolution Int J Org Evolution. 2004] PMID: 15212390
Parallel evolution of sexual isolation in sticklebacks. [Evolution Int J Org Evolution. 2005] PMID: 15807421
Testing alternative models for sexual isolation in natural populations of Littorina saxatilis: indirect support for by-product ecological speciation? [J Evol Biol. 2004] PMID: 15009262
Divergent selection and the evolution of signal traits and mating preferences. [PLoS Biol. 2005] PMID: 16231971
See all Related Articles... ..
Evolutionary biology: lost and found. [Nature. 2004] PMID: 15085113
Reduce your pelvis in 10000 years or less. [Dev Cell. 2004] PMID: 15130486
The master sex-determination locus in threespine sticklebacks is on a nascent Y chromosome. [Curr Biol. 2004] PMID: 15324658
The genetic architecture of parallel armor plate reduction in threespine sticklebacks. [PLoS Biol. 2004] PMID: 15069472
Fishing for the secrets of vertebrate evolution in threespine sticklebacks. [Dev Dyn. 2005] PMID: 16252286
See all Related Articles... ..
Fishing for the secrets of vertebrate evolution in threespine sticklebacks. [Dev Dyn. 2005] PMID: 16252286
Parallel genetic basis for repeated evolution of armor loss in Alaskan threespine stickleback populations. [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004] PMID: 15069186
Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of Ectodysplasin alleles. [Science. 2005] PMID: 15790847
Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks. [Nature. 2004] PMID: 15085123
The master sex-determination locus in threespine sticklebacks is on a nascent Y chromosome. [Curr Biol. 2004] PMID: 15324658
See all Related Articles... ..
The master sex-determination locus in threespine sticklebacks is on a nascent Y chromosome. [Curr Biol. 2004] PMID: 15324658
Fishing for the secrets of vertebrate evolution in threespine sticklebacks. [Dev Dyn. 2005] PMID: 16252286
How much of the variation in adaptive divergence can be explained by gene flow? An evaluation using lake-stream stickleback pairs. [Evolution Int J Org Evolution. 2004] PMID: 15562693
Adaptive divergence and the balance between selection and gene flow: lake and stream stickleback in the Misty system. [Evolution Int J Org Evolution. 2002] PMID: 12144020
Speciation in reverse: morphological and genetic evidence of the collapse of a three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) species pair. [Mol Ecol. 2006] PMID: 16448405
See all Related Articles ...
posted | 12/18/2007 07:06:00 PM
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